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We stated in the beginning of the chapter that our ultimate goal was to execute code in ring zero. What becomes apparent to exploit writers developing kernel payloads for the first time is that simple operations such as reading and writing files and opening a socket typically require more instructions in kernel mode than in user mode and that often control of a user-mode process running as LocalSystem is sufficient for the attacker s needs. It is therefore useful to develop a generic kernel-mode payload that will execute a user-mode payload in an arbitrary process s context. This way, we can attack the kernel, gain ring zero privilege through our vulnerability, and then drop our standard usermode payload such as a bind shell into a process running as LocalSystem. An additional benefit of this approach is that depending on the process we inject into, if at some stage our code causes it to crash, it will not to take the machine down with a blue screen. In order to inject our payload, we are going to rely on the fact that when a process makes a system call, it calls through the SharedUserData!SystemCallStub (assuming Windows XP and above), which we briefly discussed earlier in the chapter. By modifying this function pointer, we can have our code executed every time a system call is made. Here are the steps we need to take: 1. We disable memory write protection and write our system call passthrough code into an unused area of SharedUserData. This piece of code will first check the calling process s PID to see if it matches our target; if we have a match, we will execute our payload.

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Here waves w1 and w2 are supposed to result with numerical values in their SNR, which may be remote; these values (generally as vectors) will be brought to the current node and added to each other, with result assigned to nodal variable Name.

As code moves through the testing process, change management procedures should control it and ensure that proper documentation, impact, and problem resolution tracking is part of that movement process Versions of the code, the associated problems, and requirements achievement success will need to be kept track of when further changes and submission for testing solves one problem and causes two new ones Promotion to the integration testing phase will have similar requirements and the issues of what module worked well with another but not a third will need to be kept straight for corrections to be effectively applied and a final solution to emerge that meets all of the design criteria, functional specifications, and QA goals Test coordination by one person or team with possible direct involvement of the QA function is a best practice that will help keep the big picture view in perspective.

downlink subframe MR-BS MAC Frame preamble DL-MAP FCH downlink downlink burst burst #1 #2 (carry control information) downlink burst #3 Relay RTG downlink burst #4

Each test must be documented and the results returned for evaluation and follow up As the process matures and evolves toward a final product, more integrated testing will occur and different testing criteria will need to be applied to test for the user aspects, the reporting functions, and the interoperability with other systems and the associated interfaces, for example Whole system tests and end to end process flow testing will be some of the final stages before actually getting users to perform their functions and interact with the product At first, interface data will need to be simulated for the testing of the codes reaction to the predefined and expected inputs to the system.

Locating the Process Descriptor (or the Proc Structure)

Eventually, the interface communications will need to be tested in a manner that does not affect the production process and such that the feed is not expected by a production process therefore failing to complete its mission because of the testing Finally, the actual interface input (for this example) will need to be tested in an integrated manner with the code to ensure the results are as expected This scenario will get replayed repeatedly with many fallback steps and moving forward after problem correction More modules and subsystems will test successfully and subsequently get tested with other checked out subsystems in increasingly more complete test systems using more extensive testing scenarios.

Throughout this process change control, problem management and QA functions play a vital role as does a production control like environment that ensures changes are not made on the fly and that all unexpected and undesirable behavior of the tested systems are identified and documented When a complete system can be successfully put through all of the paces in the test environment pilot testing, a pseudo production environment will be the next phase You should expect to see evidence of a planned approach used to introduce the system to the users and educate them about process changes and the use of the new system The documentation on how to use the product and what to do in certain production situations.